THE GREAT LEARNING - CONFUCIUS

In conversation with China expert Kerry Brown, he mentioned that The Great Learning by Confucious had much in common with The Theory of Moral Sentiments by Adam Smith (1723 - 1790). The chapter titles of this classic are:

Part I Of the propriety of action
Part II Of merit and demerit;or, of the objects of reward
Part III Of the foundation of our judgements concerning our own sentiments and conduct, and of the sense of duty
Part IV Of the effect of utility upon the sentiment of approbation
Part V Of the influence of custom and fashion upon the sentiments of moral approbation and disapprobation
Part VI Of the character of virtue
Part VII Of systems of moral philosphy

Here then is the text of the Great Learnng.


The Great Learning

By Confucius

Written ca. 500 B.C.E

What the great learning teaches, is to illustrate illustrious virtue; to renovate the people; and to rest in the highest excellence.

The point where to rest being known, the object of pursuit is then determined; and, that being determined, a calm unperturbedness may be attained to. To that calmness there will succeed a tranquil repose. In that repose there may be careful deliberation, and that deliberation will be followed by the attainment of the desired end.

Things have their root and their branches. Affairs have their end and their beginning. To know what is first and what is last will lead near to what is taught in the Great Learning.

The ancients who wished to illustrate illustrious virtue throughout the kingdom, first ordered well their own states. Wishing to order well their states, they first regulated their families. Wishing to regulate their families, they first cultivated their persons. Wishing to cultivate their persons, they first rectified their hearts. Wishing to rectify their hearts, they first sought to be sincere in their thoughts. Wishing to be sincere in their thoughts, they first extended to the utmost their knowledge. Such extension of knowledge lay in the investigation of things.

Things being investigated, knowledge became complete. Their knowledge being complete, their thoughts were sincere. Their thoughts being sincere, their hearts were then rectified. Their hearts being rectified, their persons were cultivated. Their persons being cultivated, their families were regulated. Their families being regulated, their states were rightly governed. Their states being rightly governed, the whole kingdom was made tranquil and happy.

From the Son of Heaven down to the mass of the people, all must consider the cultivation of the person the root of everything besides.

It cannot be, when the root is neglected, that what should spring from it will be well ordered. It never has been the case that what was of great importance has been slightly cared for, and, at the same time, that what was of slight importance has been greatly cared for.